https://en.wikipedia.org
Therapeutic touch (commonly shortened to "TT"), known by some as "non-contact therapeutic touch" (NCTT), is a pseudoscientific energy therapy which practitioners claim promotes healing and reduces pain and anxiety. "Therapeutic Touch" is a registered trademark in Canada for the "[s]tructured and standardized healing practice performed by practitioners trained to be sensitive to the receiver's energy field that surrounds the body;...no touching is required."
Practitioners of therapeutic touch state that by placing their hands on, or near, a patient, they are able to detect and manipulate the patient's energy field. One highly cited study, designed by the then-nine-year-old Emily Rosa and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1998, found that practitioners of therapeutic touch could not detect the presence or absence of a hand placed a few inches above theirs when their vision was obstructed. Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst concluded in their 2008 book Trick or Treatment that "the energy field was probably nothing more than a figment in the imaginations of the healers". The American Cancer Society has noted, "Available scientific evidence does not support any claims that TT can cure cancer or other diseases."[ A 2014 Cochrane review found no good evidence that it helped with wound healing.
Origin and foundations
Dora Kunz, a theosophy
promoter and one-time president (1975–1987) of the Theosophical Society in America,
and Dolores Krieger, now Professor Emerita of Nursing Science, New York University, developed therapeutic
touch in the 1970s. According to Krieger, therapeutic touch has roots in
ancient healing practices, such as the laying on of hands, although it has no connection with
religion or with faith healing. Krieger states that, "in
the final analysis, it is the healee (client) who heals himself. The healer or
therapist, in this view, acts as a human energy support system until the
healee's own immunological system is robust enough to take over".
Justification for TT has been sought in two fields:
Martha E. Rogers' contemporal "Science of
Unitary Human Beings", and quantum
mechanics, in particular Fritjof Capra's
mystical interpretation of the latter. A 2002
review found that neither justification was tenable: Rogers' theories were
found to be inconsistent with the tenets of TT, while the overlap in
terminology between the two could be ascribed to a lack of precision in Rogers'
works, making them multi-interpretable. The quantum physics justification holds
that the possibility to heal at a distance is possible due to a "global
interconnectivity" of the universe, which is connected by TT adherents to
an interpretation of Bell's theorem and the possibility of quantum nonlocality; this interpretation is not
supported by experimental evidence. The 2002 study concluded that "the
theory TT possesses is deprived of explanatory power" and "evidence
that supports the current picture of physical energy
should be regarded as evidence against the theory of TT".
The healing in TT takes place via a supposed
physical process called "electron transfer resonance", which
physicist Alan Sokal
describes as "nonsense".
Scientific investigations
Over the decades, many studies have been performed
to establish TT's efficacy, as well as various meta-analyses
and at least one systematic review, yielding varying results and
conclusions. O'Mathúna et al., in discussing these studies, note several
problems, such as failure to exclude methodologically flawed studies and a
susceptibility to the publication bias of complementary medicine
journals, which carry a "preponderance of studies with positive
results"; they argue that
in light of background scientific knowledge, the
antecedent plausibility of TT is sufficiently low that any methodological flaw
in a study will always provide a more plausible explanation for any positive
findings.
— O'Mathúna et
al.
Emily Rosa, at 9 years of age, conceived and
executed a study on therapeutic touch. With the help of Stephen
Barrett from Quackwatch, and with the assistance of her mother, Linda Rosa,
RN, Emily became the youngest research team member to have a paper accepted by
the Journal of the American Medical
Association (JAMA) for her part in a study of therapeutic touch,
which debunked
the claims of therapeutic touch practitioners. Twenty-one practitioners of
therapeutic touch participated in her study, and they attempted to detect her aura.
The practitioners stood on one side of a cardboard screen, while Emily stood on
the other. The practitioners then placed their hands through holes in the
screen. Emily flipped a coin to determine which of the practitioner's hands she
would place hers near (without, of course, touching the hand). The
practitioners then were to indicate if they could sense her biofield,
and where her hand was. Although all of the participants had asserted that they
would be able to do this, the actual results did not support their assertions.
After repeated trials the practitioners had succeeded in locating her hand at a
rate not significantly different from chance. JAMA editor George D. Lundberg,
M.D, recommended that patients and insurance companies alike refuse to pay for
therapeutic touch or at least question whether or not payment is appropriate
"until or unless additional honest experimentation demonstrates an actual
effect."
There is no good medical evidence for the effectiveness of
therapeutic touch. A Cochrane systematic
review found "[t]here is no robust evidence that TT promotes
healing of acute wounds"and the American Cancer Society has noted,
"Available scientific evidence does not support any claims that TT can
cure cancer or other diseases."
Therapeutic touch and nursing
education
Sokal, in 2006, reported generally accepted
estimates of over 80 colleges and universities spread over 70 countries where
therapeutic touch is taught, as well as some 80 hospitals in North America
where it is practiced. He added that "these figures should be taken with a
grain of salt, inasmuch as both advocates and detractors [...] have an interest
in exaggerating its incidence".
Owen Hammer and James Underdown from the Independent Investigations Group
examined nursing standards in California, where the California
Board of Registered Nursing (CBRN) can award registered nurses
taking classes in therapeutic touch with continuing education units (CEUs)
required for licensure renewal. In 2006 Hammer and Underdown presented the
Board with the scientific evidence refuting the validity of therapeutic touch
as a legitimate treatment, but the Board did not change its policy.
https://en.wikipedia.org
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